EXPLICACIÓN DEL USO NO MUY COMÚN DE HE PARA REFERIRSE A ANIMALES 

Como es obvio, podemos observar que en el texto que presenté en la sesión anterior, el autor usa el pronombre he para referirse a un perro, spotty. De siempre se nos ha dicho que he sólo se usa para seres humanos, hombre (en singular) la explicación del por qué el autor usa el pronombre he, es porque spotty fue muy allegado a él o ella, fue su mascota y al usar he se refiere al perro como a un perro muy querido, no cualquier perro, sino spotty.

En estas sesión veremos los marcadores de discurso.


Marcadores del discurso

Los marcadores del discurso son unidades lingüísticas invariables cuya función es señalar («marcar») la relación que se establece entre dos segmentos textuales. Estas unidades  constituyen enlaces  que facilitan la cohesión textual y la interpretación de los enunciados, sirven de guía.

 

Del primer párrafo tomo la palabra though que significa aunque, si traducimos este fragmento:

 

 

Though it is one of the faded memories of my life today, dice:

Aunque       es  uno  de  los recuerdos marchitos de mi vida hoy,

 

La presencia de la palabra aunque, seguida del contexto, da a entender que no  está del todo olvidado dicho recuerdo.

 

Estos marcadores del discurso son muy útiles en la lectura de comprensión porque su presencia nos brinda pistas del contenido del texto.

 

Nótese la diferencia que hace la presencia de los marcadores del discurso:

 

 

El carro está averiado, por consiguiente

                                     sin embargo,

                                     además,

                                     entonces,

 

 

 Algunos marcadores de discurso, también llamados conectores:

besides	además, además de
In addition	además
In addition to	además de
furthermore	además
moreover	además
consequently	consecuentemente
accordingly	consecuentemente
hence	por lo tanto
thereby	por lo tanto
therefore	por lo tanto
thus	por lo tanto
for	porque, debido a que
because	porque
since	ya que
as	como
because of	debido a
due to	debido a
owing to	debido a
on the other hand	por otro lado
Instead	en cambio
Instead of	en lugar de
conversely	en cambio
however	sin embargo, aunque
nevertheless	sin embargo, aunque
nonetheless	sin embargo, aunque
notwithstanding	sin embargo, aunque
though	sin embargo, aunque
yet	sin embargo, aunque
whereas	sin embargo, aunque
while	sin embargo, aunque
whilst	sin embargo, aunque
although	sin embargo, aunque
though	sin embargo, aunque
even though	sin embargo, aunque
albeit	sin embargo, aunque
In spite of	a pesar de
despite Synopsis Born on July 30, 1863 on a Dearborn, Michigan farm, Henry Ford created the Ford Model T car in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. The company lost its market dominance but had a lasting impact on other technological development and U.S. infrastructure. Early Life Automobile manufacturer Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, on his family’s farm near Dearborn, Michigan. When Henry was 15, his father gifted him a pocket watch, which the young boy promptly took apart and reassembled. Friends and neighbors were impressed and requested that he fix their timepieces too. Unsatistfied with farm work, Ford left home the next year, at age 16, to take an apprenticeship as a machinist in Detroit. In the years that followed, he would learn to skillfully operate and service steam engines, and would also study bookkeeping. Early Career In 1888, Ford married Clara Ala Bryant and briefly returned to farming to support his wife and son, Edsel. But three years later, he was hired as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company. In 1883, his natural talents earned him a promotion to Chief Engineer. All the while, Ford developed his plans for a horseless carriage, and in 1896, he constructed his first model, the Ford Quadricycle. Within the same year, he attended a meeting with Edison executives and found himself presenting his automobile plans to Thomas Edison. The lighting genius encouraged Ford to build a second and better model. Ford Motor Company After a few trials building cars and companies, in 1903, Henry Ford established the Ford Motor Company. Ford introduced the Model T in October of 1908, and for several years, the company posted 100 percent gains. However, more than for his profits, Ford became renowned for his revolutionary vision: the manufacture of an inexpensive automobile made by skilled workers who earn steady wages. In 1914, he sponsored the development of the moving assembly line technique of mass production. Simultaneously, he introduced the $5-per-day wage ($110 in 2011) as a method of keeping the best workers loyal to his company. Simple to drive and cheap to repair, half of all cars in America in 1918 were Model T’s. Philosophy, Philanthropy and Anti-Semitism From a social perspective, Henry Ford’s was marked by seemingly contradictory viewpoints. In business, Ford offered profit sharing to select employees who stayed with the company for six months and, most important, who conducted their lives in a respectable manner. The company’s “Social Department” looked into an employee’s drinking, gambling and otherwise uncouth activities to determine eligibility for participation. Ford was also an ardent pacifist and opposed World War I, even funding a peace ship to Europe. Later, in 1936, Ford and his family established the Ford Foundation to provide ongoing grants for research, education and development. But despite these philanthropic leanings, Ford was also a committed anti-Semite, going as far as to support a weekly newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, which furthered such views. Henry Ford died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 7, 1947, at the age of 83, near his Dearborn estate, Fair Lane. Ford, considered one of  America´s  leading businessmen, is credited today for helping to build America's economy during the nation's vulnerable early years. His legacy will live on for decades to come.